GRAMMAR
ALPHABET:
❖ There is only one alphabet.
❖ It has 26 letters.
ACCORDING TO THE SIZES:
❖ Capital letters
❖ Small letters
ACCORDING TO THE SOUND:
44 Sounds in 26 letters
❖ Vowels
❖ Consonants
❖ Semi vowels
VOWELS:
A E I O U
CONSONANTS:
B C D F G H J K L M N P Q R S T V X Z
SEMI VOWELS:
W Y
LETTER:
A B C D E a b c d e F G H I J f g h I j K L M N O k l m n o P Q R S T p q r s t U V W X Y Z u v w x y z
WORD:
Group of letters form a word.
SENTENCE:
Group of words form a sentence.
PARAGRAPH:
Group of sentences form a paragraph.
ESSAY:
Group of paragraphs form an essay.
PARTS OF SPEECH
There are Eight parts of speech.
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection
Articles / Determiners:
One kind of Adjectives….But these are also comes under parts of speech. NOUN:
❖ Naming word.
❖ It denotes the name of the person, place or thing.
❖ It is also called as “subject”
Examples:
Cat / Bangalore /Apple / Suresh / Science
❖ Suresh is a good boy.
❖ Science is my favourite subject.
❖ An apple is the healthiest fruit.
KINDS OF NOUN:
❖ Proper noun ( more specific)
❖ Common noun ( commonly mentioned)
❖ Abstract noun ( cannot be touched ) ( peace / love)
❖ Collective noun (Group )(bunch of grapes / basket of fruits) ❖ Material noun ( Iron , cotton , wood , plastic….)
❖ Possessive noun ( me , your ,our, …..)
❖ Countable noun / uncountable noun
❖ Compound noun ( Two or more nouns)
❖ Singular noun / plural noun
❖ Concrete noun ( seen , touched , smelt , taste)
❖ Gender ( masculine , feminine , neuter , common)
❖ Gerunds ( verb + ….ing)
PROPER NOUN :
❖ Particularly Mentioned.
❖ Jimmy is my pet animal.
❖ Starting letter must be in Capital letter.
COMMON NOUN:
❖ Commonly mentioned.
❖ Dog is a pet animal.
PRONOUN:
Instead of Noun , we can use pronoun
I - I We - Teachers You - You He - Sam She - Sneha It - Puppy They - Students
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN PRONOUN ADJECTIVE PRONOUN PRONOUN 1ST Person I me my mine myself Singular
1st Person We Us Our Ours Ourselves Plural
2ndperson(Singular/Plural)
You You Your Yours Yourself /
Yourselves
3rd Person He Him His His Himself Sing/ male
3rd Person She Her Her Hers Herself Sing/female
3rdperson It It Its - Itself Sin/ neuter
3rdperson They Them Their theirs Themselves plural
VERB:
Action of the Noun
TYPES:
❖ Action verb ( main verb)
❖ Auxiliary Verb ( Helping verb)
ACTION VERBS:
Play , dance , go , run , drink, study, sleep , feel…
AUXILIARY VERB:
Be verb:
Am , is, are, was, were, be, been, being
Do verb:
Do , Did , Does
Have verb:
Have , has , had
Modal verb:
Can , could, may , might, shall, should, will, would, must
Semi modals verb:
Need , dare, used to, ought to
ADVERB:
❖ Add + verb
❖ Additional information of verb
❖ Time , place Manners (ly)
Example:
`Sunday , house, quickly, nicely, slowly, etc….
Adverb of Time:
Today , soon, since, now, early, before, already, after, always, never, once, everyday, sometimes, often, twice…….
Adverb of place:
Inside , away, home, outside, near, there, everywhere, here, school, hotel, temple….
Adverb of manners:
Easily , loudly, happily, quickly, slowly, sadly, silently, bravely……
ADJECTIVE:
❖ Description of a noun
About a
new
How they
feel
How a
color
Adjective
Size
Number Quantity
How
noun looks How
something
sound
Examples:
something behaves
Small , big , large, tiny, enormous, blue, red, circular, triangular, square, hard, smooth, soft, loud, seven, many, few, spicy, sweet, sour, salt, rainy, windy, sunny, foggy, cloudy.
PREPOSITION:
❖ Position of the noun
❖ Used before a noun / phrase / pronoun
❖ Approximately 80-100 prepositions.
Examples:
In , on , under, to, at, after, behind, etc……
TIME:
On Sunday
In December
At night
Go to school
Good at mathematics
CONJUNCTION:
❖ Connection word
Examples:
and , but, or, because, when , though, but , also
❖ John and Mary
❖ Tea or coffee
So, for, if, as, while, until, unless, not only, other than INTERJECTION:
❖ Express a sudden utterance
❖ Exclamation word
Examples:
Well, Ouch, Wow, Oh, Oops, Hi, Bravo…. 1. Wow ! it’s a nice shirt
2. Hurrah ! I won the game
3. Ouch ! Bloody hell
4. Hi ! how are you?
5. “Bravo ! Bravo !”
SENTENCES
SENTENCE:
Group of words is called Sentence.
KINDS OF SENTENCES:
❖ Declarative ( statement )
❖ Imperative
❖ Interrogative
❖ Exclamatory
DECLARATIVE SENTENCE:
❖ Makes a statement
❖ Gives information
❖ Ends with a full stop [ . ]
Example
❖ Today is a holiday , due to rain
IMPERATIVE SENTENCE:
❖ Gives command
❖ Makes a request / wish
❖ Mostly ends with a full stop [ . ]
❖ Sometimes, an exclamation mark. [ ! ]
Examples:
1. Stand up Denotes
2. Don’t go there Second person (You)
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE:
❖ Asks a question
❖ Ends with a question marks [ ? ]
Example:
❖ Do you have a pen?
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE:
❖ Expresses happiness , anger , fear and shock.
❖ Ends with an exclamation marks [ ! ]
Example:
❖ What a beautiful picture !
❖ How strong he was !
❖ Hurry !
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
❖ A sentence consists of two parts.
Subject
Predicate
SUBJECT:
Speak about some person, place or thing.
PREDICATE:
Say something about that person, place or thing.
MY MOTHER LOVES ME
Subject Predicate
SUBJECT IN AN IMPERATIVE SENTENCE: ❖ You sit down
❖ You be quiet
❖ You come inside
IDENTIFY THE SUBJECT AND PREDICATE: 1. Sita is ill.
2. Sathish is the cleverest boy in the class.
3. I have a house of my own.
4. Birds build their nests.
5. Don’t spit on the road.
6. Always walk on the platform.
QUESTIONS
“Wh” questions [open question ]
“Verbal” questions [yes / no question ]
“Wh” Questions:
Who -
Where -
When -
What -
Why -
How -
How many - ( plural noun ) ( countable nouns ) How much - ( singular noun ) ( uncountable noun) How often /How long -
Whose -
With whom -
Examples:
1. Who are you?
2. Where is your home?
3. When is your birthday?
4. What do you want?
5. Which is your pen?
6. Why are you late?
7. How are you?
8. Whose pen is this?
9. With whom do you go?
10.How many students are there in the class?
11.How much sand is on the beach?
Exercises:
1.What time is it?
It’s 10.30 AM.
2.Where are you from ?
I am from Tirupattur.
3.When will you go to home?
I will go to home by 5.00 PM.
4.What is this?
This is a pen.
5.Who are all talking?
They are all talking.
6.Which is your favourite place?
My favourite place is Chennai.
7.Why are you crying?
Because , I lost my pen.
8.Whose book is this?
This is my book.
9.With whom did you speak?
I speak with Uma.
10.How is your life?
It’s fine.
11.How many books do you have? I have five books.
12.How much milk do you want? 5 litres.
VERBAL QUESTION : [ YES OR NO QUESTION ] ❖ Am, is , are, was, were
❖ Have , has, had
❖ Do , does , did
❖ Can , could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must
FORMATION OF VERBAL QUESTIONS: (HELPING VERBS ) “YES” OR “NO”
I am a doctor Am I a doctor? Are you a doctor?
He is from Chennai Is he from Chennai? She is busy Is she busy? It is a cat Is it a cat? You are hungry / Are you hungry? I am hungry
They are same Are they same? The movie was good Was the movie good? They were busy Were they busy? You / I have arrived Have you arrived? It has started Has it started? It had started Had it started? I can swim can I swim I must leave Must I leave?
RULES:
SENTENCE : He is from Chennai QUESTION SENTENCE : Is he from Chennai ? HOW TO ANSWER THE VERBAL QUESTIONS: ( YOU – I / WE )
QUESTION AFFIMATIVE NEGATIVE ANSWER ANSWER
Are you? Yes , I am No , I’m not Is he? Yes , he is No, he’s not Am I ? yes , you are No, you’re not Was it ? yes, it was No, I wasn’t Were you? Yes , I was / No, I wasn’t Yes , we were No, we weren’t
Have you? Yes, he have No, I haven’t Has he? Yes , he has No, he hasn’t Had we? Yes , we had No, we hadn’t
Do you? Yes , I do No, I don’t Does he? Yes, he does No, he doesn’t Did they? Yes, they did No, they didn’t
QUESTION AFFIMATIVE NEGATIVE ANSWER ANSWER
Can we? Yes, we can No, we can’t Could you? Yes, I could No, we couldn’t Shall we? Yes, we shall No, we shan’t Should he? Yes, he should No, he shouldn’t May I ? Yes, you may No, you mayn’t Will you? Yes, I will No, I won’t Would you? Yes, I would No, I wouldn’t Must she? Yes, she must No, she mustn’t Might they? Yes, they might No, they mightn’t
EXERCISES:
FRAME QUESTIONS FOR THE SENTENCES:(HELPING VERB QUESTION)
1.He is a boy.
2.They are friends.
3.She should work hard.
4.They will come tomorrow.
5.We must attend the morning.
6.It has come recently.
7.They have five pens.
8. She can dance beautifully
9. I am fine
10.We shall go for an excursion.
MAIN VERB QUESTIONS: ( ACTION VERB) 1.Cows give milk.
2.She works hard.
3.He took my pen.
4.He drinks tea.
5.They help us.
6.They played cricket.
7.We take exercises.
8.She speaks truth.
9.They wrote examples.
10.She sang songs.
FORMATION OF VERBAL QUESTIONS: ACTION VERB I drink - Do you drink?
You drink - Do I drink?
He drinks - Does he drink?
She drinks - Does she drink?
It drinks - Does it drink?
We drink - Do we drink?
They drink - Do they drink?
I drank - Did you drink?
You drank - Did I drink?
He drank - Did he drink?
She drank - Did she drink?
It drank - Did it drink?
We drank - Did we/ you drink?
They drank - Did they drink?
Do – Do not – Don’t I Did – Did not – Didn’t you Does – Does not – Doesn’t Did We Do
I don’t drink They It didn’t drink He He doesn’t drink She Does They doesn’t drink It
VERBS LIST
PRESENT FROM PAST FROM PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Am / is was been being Are were been being Do/does did done doing Have/ has had had having
Will would - - Shall should - - Can could - - May might - - Agree agreed agreed agreeing
Celebrate celebrated celebrated celebrated Change changed changed changing
PRESENT FROM PAST FROM PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Close closed closed closing Cultivate cultivated cultivated curing Cure cured cured curing Damage damaged damaged damaging
Describe described described describing Die died died dying Dive dived dived dived Educate educated educated educating Include included included including Increase increased increased increasing Inspire inspired inspired inspiring Love loved loved loving Move moved moved moving Solve solved solved solving Use used used using Waste wasted wasted wasting
PRESENT FROM PAST FROM PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Accept accepted accepted accepting Adjust adjusted adjusting adjusting Allow allowed allowed allowing Arrest arrested arrested arresting Attack attacked attacked attacking
Call called called calling Collect collected collected collecting Convey conveyed conveyed conveying Cross crossed crossed crossing Disturb disturbed disturbed disturbing End ended ended ending Insult insulted insulted insulting Jump jumped jumped jumping Paint painted painted painting Play played played playing Start started started starting Want wanted wanted wanting Drop dropped dropped dropping Fit fitted fitted fitting Omit omitted omitted omitting Permit permitted permitted permitting Plan planned planned planning
PRESENT FROM PAST FROM PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Lay laid laid laying Pay paid paid paying Say said said saying Carry carried carried carrying
Clarify clarified clarified clarifying Classify classified classified clarifying Cry cried cried crying Dignify dignified dignified dignifying Dry dried dried drying Electrify electrified electrified electrifying Hurry hurried hurried hurrying Identify identified identified identifying Intensify intensified intensified intensifying Marry married married marrying Multiply multiplied multiplied multiplying Study studied studied studying
PRESENT FROM PAST FROM PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Bind bound bound binding Bring brought brought bringing Buy bought bought buying Dig dug dug digging Feed fed fed feeding
Feel felt felt feeling Fight fought fought fighting Find found found finding Get got got getting Hold held held holding Keep kept kept keeping
Kneel knelt knelt kneeling Learn learnt learnt learning Lend lent lent lending Make made made making Meet met met meeting
Sell sold sold selling Teach taught taught teaching Win won won winning Become became became becoming Come came came coming Run ran ran running
PRESENT FROM PAST FROM PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Arise arose arisen arising Draw drew drawn drawing Eat ate eaten eating Fall fell fallen falling Fly flew flown flying Forget forgot forgotten forgetting Freeze froze frozen freezing Give gave given giving Go went gone going Hide hid hidden hiding Know knew known knowing See saw seen seeing Sing sang sung singing Speak spoke spoken speaking Take took taken taking Write wrote written writing Wear wore worn wearing
Cost cost cost Cut cut cut Hurt hurt hurt
Hit hit hit Beat beat beat Put put put Quit quit quit Set set set Shut shut shut Fit fit fit Bet bet bet Burst burst burst Cast cast cast Let let let Read read read Rid rid rid Shed shed shed Split split split Spread spread spread Thrust thrust thrust
TEST SERIES:
Accept give Add get Bake hold Bury lay Clap pay Destroy say Enjoy tell Fry wear Guess Help Introduce Jump Marry Obey Relax Study Beat Become Cost Do Draw Drive Eat Fly TENSE PRONOUN:
I / We - First person You - Second person He / she / it / they - Third person
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